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RAID || Data Storage and Backups

by IT EXPERT TRAINING October 24, 2020 3 Comments

 Cloud || RAID || Data Storage and Backups || All Type Diskmgmt


 A volume is a storage device, such as a fixed disk, floppy disk, or CD-ROM, that is formatted to store directories and files. A large volume can be divided into more than one logical volume, also called a partition

 

 

RAID                                      Minimum HDD Required              Raid Support
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Simple Volume                                                   1                               No
Spanned Volume                                         min 2 max 32                  No
Stripped Volume(RAID-0)                                 2                              NO
Stripped With Parity Vol.(RAID-5)                    3                              Yes
Mirror Volume (RAID-1)                                    2                             Yes
RAID 0+1                                                            4                             Yes
RAID 1+0                                                            4                             Yes

==============================================================

 Storage :
FS - File System ???
ext2 - Extended V2 - Unix/Linux - outdated
ext3 - outdated
ext4 -RHEL 6 - limited in use
xfs - eXtended File System - RHEL 7 - max use in current days

FAT12 - File Allocation Table - outdated
FAT16 - maximum 4GB partition size support  - outdated
FAT32 - Maximum storage 32 GB partition size support
NTFS V4.0 - New Technology File System - Outdated
NTFS 5. 0 - Current in process - Capacity - 2TB
ReFS - Resilient File System - 16EB

VMWare Storage - VMFS 5.0 = VMWare File System
Citix - ???

1024 Byte - 1KB
1024 Kilo Byte - 1MB
1024 Mega Byte - 1GB
1024 Giga Byte - 1 TB
1024 Tera Byte - 1 PB
1024 Peta Byte - 1 EB
1024 Exa Byte - 1 ZB
1024 Zeta Byte - 1 YB
1024 Yotta Byte -


File System:
1) MBR - Master Boot Record
- Maximum partition size support of 2TB.
- Maximum 4 Primary Partition supported.
2) GPT - GUID Partition Table (Global Unique ID)
- Maximum partition size support upto 18EB
- Maximum 128 Primary Partition supported.

Block Size - ???
Sector

HDD Connect ---> HDD Initialize ---> HDD Active ---> Partition ---> Format (FS Set) ---> Lable
diskmgmt.msc
fdisk /dev/sda

What is a System Reserve Patition?
MBR - Master Boot Record File storage which support to start the OS.

MBR Storage Size :
Windows 2000 Server - 8MB
Windows 2003 Server - 8 MB
Windows Server 2008 / R2 - 100MB
Windows Server 2012 / R2 - 350 MB
Windows Server 2016 RT - 500MB

Basic Disk:
- Maximum 4 Primary Partition supported.
- Not support for Redundancy.
- Support Maximum 2TB storage.

Dynamic Disk:
- Support for Redundancy.
- Support More than 2TB and upto 64TB.
Notice : Basic Disk can be converted into Dynamic Disk but
dynamic Disk cannot be converted into Basic disk.

HDD Types:
1) PATA = Parallel Advanced Technology Attachement / IDE(Integrated Drive Electronice)
PATA/IDE has 40 Pin Data Connection and 4 Pin Power Connector.
PATA/IDE HDD has 5600 RPM (Rotation Per Min)

2) SATA = Serial ATA
SATA has 7 Pin Data Connector and 15 Pin Power Connector.
SATA has 5600 and 7200 RPM max.

3) SCSI = Small Computer System Interface - Server only
4) SAS = Serial Attached SCSI - High Speed storage server
5) SSD = Solid State Drive - High Speed storage server

Desktop HDD Speed = 7200 RPM (Rotation per Min)
Laptop HDD Speed = 5400  RPM
SCSI HDD Speed = 12K, 16K upto 32000 RPM

IOPS = Input Output Per Second

Storage Types:
1) Magnatic Storage : FDD, HDD, Tape Drive (Avarage speed with average cost)
2) Optical Storage : CD, DVD, BluRay Disk (slow but less cost)
3) Flash Storage : Pendrive, Memory Card, SSD (Fast but costly)

JBOD = Just Bunch of Disk

RAID                                      Minimum HDD Required              Raid Support
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1)Simple Volume                                                   1                               No

 

  You Add A new disk otherwise Your Disk 0 Shrink Volume And create A Simple volume create (Drive E: ,F: ,G: .... )Any                          

 


   You Set A Volume Size (Create A disk how many GB , TB )

 

Then You Assign The Drive letter (Any select )

File System select

YOU Use ExFAT 

Features. The specifications, features, and requirements of the exFAT file system include: File size limit of 16 exbibytes (264−1 bytes, or about 1019 bytes, which is otherwise limited by a maximum volume size of 128 PiB, or 257−1 bytes), raised from 4 GiB (232−1 bytes) in a standard FAT32 file system.
Max. file size: c. 128 PiB (theoretical 16 EiB–1)
Max. volume size: c. 128 PiB, 512 TiB recomm...
Supported operating systems: Windows Embe...
 

 


 


                   

More Information

A hard disk partition (also known as a volume) can be formatted to NTFS, FAT, or exFAT. The default values are used by Windows when one of the following methods is used to format the partition:  
  • Using the FORMAT command from the command line without specifying a cluster size.
  • Formatting a volume from Windows Explorer when the Allocation Unit box in the Format dialog box lists Default Allocation Size.

By default, the maximum cluster size for NTFS under Windows NT 4.0 and later versions of Windows is 4 kilobytes (KB). This is because NTFS file compression is not possible on drives that have a larger cluster size. The format command won't use clusters larger than 4 KB unless the user specifically overrides the default settings. You can do this by using the /A: switch together with the Format command or by specifying a larger cluster size in the Format dialog box in Windows Explorer. 

When you use the Convert.exe utility to convert a FAT partition to NTFS, Windows always uses the original FAT cluster size as the NTFS cluster size for cluster sizes up to 4 KB. If the FAT cluster size is greater than 4 KB, then the clusters are converted down to 4 KB in NTFS. This is because the FAT structures are aligned on cluster boundaries. Therefore, any larger cluster size would not allow for the conversion to function. Note also when formatting a partition under Windows NT 3.5, 3.51, and 4.0 Setup, the partition is first formatted to FAT and then converted to NTFS, so the cluster size will also always be as described earlier when a partition is formatted in Setup.

Default cluster sizes for NTFS

The following table describes the default cluster sizes for NTFS.
Volume size Windows NT 3.51Windows NT 4.0Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, Windows 2000
7 MB–512 MB 512 bytes4 KB4 KB
512 MB–1 GB 1 KB4 KB4 KB
1 GB–2 GB 2 KB4 KB4 KB
2 GB–2 TB 4 KB4 KB4 KB
2 TB–16 TB Not Supported*Not Supported*4 KB
16TB–32 TB Not Supported*Not Supported*8 KB
32TB–64 TBNot Supported*Not Supported*16 KB
64TB–128 TBNot Supported*Not Supported*32 KB
128TB–256 TBNot Supported*Not Supported*64 KB
> 256 TBNot SupportedNot SupportedNot Supported

Note The asterisk (*) means that it is not supported because of the limitations of the master boot record (MBR). 

Default cluster sizes for FAT16

The following table describes the default cluster sizes for FAT16.
Volume size Windows NT 3.51Windows NT 4.0Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, Windows 2000 
7 MB–8  MB Not supported Not supportedNot supported
8 MB–32 MB 512 bytes512 bytes512 bytes
32 MB–64 MB 1 KB 1 KB 1 KB
64 MB–128 MB 2 KB2 KB2 KB
128 MB–256 MB4 KB4 KB4 KB
256 MB–512 MB8 KB8 KB8 KB
512 MB–1 GB 16 KB 16 KB 16 KB
1 GB–2 GB 32 KB32 KB32 KB
2 GB–4 GB 64 KB64 KB64 KB
4 GB–8 GB Not supported 128 KB*Not supported
8 GB–16 GB Not supported 256 KB*Not supported
> 16 GBNot supported Not supportedNot supported
Note The asterisk (*) means that it is available only on media with a sector size greater than 512 bytes. 

Default cluster sizes for FAT32

The following table describes the default cluster sizes for FAT32.
Volume sizeWindows NT 3.51Windows NT 4.0Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, Windows 2000 
7 MB–16MB Not supported Not supportedNot supported
16 MB–32 MB 512 bytes512 bytesNot supported
32 MB–64 MB 512 bytes512 bytes512 bytes
64 MB–128 MB 1 KB1 KB1 KB
128 MB–256 MB2 KB2 KB2 KB
256 MB–8GB4 KB4 KB4 KB
8GB–16GB 8 KB8 KB8 KB
16GB–32GB 16 KB16 KB16 KB
32GB–2TB 32 KBNot supported Not supported
> 2TBNot supported Not supportedNot supported

Default cluster sizes for exFAT

The following table describes the default cluster sizes for exFAT.
Volume size Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003, Windows XP
7 MB–256 MB 4 KB
256 MB–32 GB 32 KB
32 GB–256 TB 128 KB
> 256 TB Not supported



                   
                                                    


=========================================================



RAID                                      Minimum HDD Required              Raid Support
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) Spanned Volume                                         min 2 max 32                  No

 Spanned volume allows users to get more data on the disk without using mount points. By combining the multiple unallocated spaces of physical disks into a spanned volume, users can release drive letters for other uses and create a large volume for file system use.


 

mini 2 disk needed Then Next batten Show 

 





                               


===============================================================

RAID                                      Minimum HDD Required              Raid Support
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3)  Stripped Volume(RAID-0)                                 2                              NO

 Data that is written to a striped volume is interleaved to all disks at the same time instead of sequentially. Therefore, disk performance is the fastest on a RAID 0 volume as compared to any other type of disk configuration. Administrators prefer to use striped volumes when input/output (I/O) speed is important


 

 








 ==============================================================

 RAID                                      Minimum HDD Required              Raid Support
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mirror Volume (RAID-1)                                    2                             Yes







 





 

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3 comments:

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    Replies
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